Deploying Python applications in tsuru

Overview

This document is a hands-on guide to deploying a simple Python application in tsuru. The example application will be a very simple Django project associated to a MySQL service. It’s applicable to any WSGI application.

Creating the app within tsuru

To create an app, you use app-create command:

$ tsuru app-create <app-name> <app-platform>

For Python, the app platform is, guess what, python! Let’s be over creative and develop a never-developed tutorial-app: a blog, and its name will also be very creative, let’s call it “blog”:

$ tsuru app-create blog python

To list all available platforms, use platform-list command.

You can see all your applications using app-list command:

$ tsuru app-list
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+--------+
| Application | Units State Summary     | Address | Ready? |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+--------+
| blog        | 0 of 0 units in-service |         | No     |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------+--------+

Once your app is ready, you will be able to deploy your code, e.g.:

$ tsuru app-list
+-------------+-------------------------+-------------+--------+
| Application | Units State Summary     | Address     | Ready? |
+-------------+-------------------------+-------------+--------+
| blog        | 0 of 1 units in-service |             | Yes    |
+-------------+-------------------------+-------------+--------+

Application code

This document will not focus on how to write a Django blog, you can clone the entire source direct from GitHub: https://github.com/tsuru/tsuru-django-sample. Here is what we did for the project:

1. Create the project (django-admin.py startproject)
2. Enable django-admin
3. Install South
4. Create a “posts” app (django-admin.py startapp posts)
5. Add a “Post” model to the app
6. Register the model in django-admin
7. Generate the migration using South

Git deployment

When you create a new app, tsuru will display the Git remote that you should use. You can always get it using app-info command:

$ tsuru app-info --app blog
Application: blog
Repository: git@git.tsuru.io:blog.git
Platform: python
Teams: tsuruteam
Address:

The git remote will be used to deploy your application using git. You can just push to tsuru remote and your project will be deployed:

$ git push git@git.tsuru.io:blog.git master
Counting objects: 119, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (53/53), done.
Writing objects: 100% (119/119), 16.24 KiB, done.
Total 119 (delta 55), reused 119 (delta 55)
remote:
remote:  ---> tsuru receiving push
remote:
remote: From git://cloud.tsuru.io/blog.git
remote:  * branch            master     -> FETCH_HEAD
remote:
remote:  ---> Installing dependencies
#####################################
#          OMIT (see below)         #
#####################################
remote:  ---> Restarting your app
remote:
remote:  ---> Deploy done!
remote:
To git@git.tsuru.io:blog.git
   a211fba..bbf5b53  master -> master

If you get a “Permission denied (publickey).”, make sure you’re member of a team and have a public key added to tsuru. To add a key, use key-add command:

$ tsuru key-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

You can use git remote add to avoid typing the entire remote url every time you want to push:

$ git remote add tsuru git@git.tsuru.io:blog.git

Then you can run:

$ git push tsuru master
Everything up-to-date

And you will be also able to omit the --app flag from now on:

$ tsuru app-info
Application: blog
Repository: git@git.tsuru.io:blog.git
Platform: python
Teams: tsuruteam
Address: blog.cloud.tsuru.io
Units:
+--------------+---------+
| Unit         | State   |
+--------------+---------+
| 9e70748f4f25 | started |
+--------------+---------+

For more details on the --app flag, see “Guessing app names” section of tsuru command documentation.

Listing dependencies

In the last section we omitted the dependencies step of deploy. In tsuru, an application can have two kinds of dependencies:

• Operating system dependencies, represented by packages in the package manager of the underlying operating system (e.g.: yum and apt-get);
• Platform dependencies, represented by packages in the package manager of the platform/language (in Python, pip).

All apt-get dependencies must be specified in a requirements.apt file, located in the root of your application, and pip dependencies must be located in a file called requirements.txt, also in the root of the application. Since we will use MySQL with Django, we need to install mysql-python package using pip, and this package depends on two apt-get packages: python-dev and libmysqlclient-dev, so here is how requirements.apt looks like:

libmysqlclient-dev
python-dev

And here is requirements.txt:

Django==1.4.1
MySQL-python==1.2.3
South==0.7.6

Please notice that we’ve included South too, for database migrations, and Django, off-course.

You can see the complete output of installing these dependencies below:

% git push tsuru master
#####################################
#                OMIT               #
#####################################
remote: Reading package lists...
remote: Building dependency tree...
remote: Reading state information...
remote: python-dev is already the newest version.
remote: The following extra packages will be installed:
remote:   libmysqlclient18 mysql-common
remote: The following NEW packages will be installed:
remote:   libmysqlclient-dev libmysqlclient18 mysql-common
remote: 0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
remote: Need to get 2360 kB of archives.
remote: After this operation, 9289 kB of additional disk space will be used.
remote: Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main mysql-common all 5.5.27-0ubuntu2 [13.7 kB]
remote: Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main libmysqlclient18 amd64 5.5.27-0ubuntu2 [949 kB]
remote: Get:3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main libmysqlclient-dev amd64 5.5.27-0ubuntu2 [1398 kB]
remote: debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Dialog
remote: debconf: (Dialog frontend will not work on a dumb terminal, an emacs shell buffer, or without a controlling terminal.)
remote: debconf: falling back to frontend: Readline
remote: debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Readline
remote: debconf: (This frontend requires a controlling tty.)
remote: debconf: falling back to frontend: Teletype
remote: dpkg-preconfigure: unable to re-open stdin:
remote: Fetched 2360 kB in 1s (1285 kB/s)
remote: Selecting previously unselected package mysql-common.
remote: (Reading database ... 23143 files and directories currently installed.)
remote: Unpacking mysql-common (from .../mysql-common_5.5.27-0ubuntu2_all.deb) ...
remote: Selecting previously unselected package libmysqlclient18:amd64.
remote: Unpacking libmysqlclient18:amd64 (from .../libmysqlclient18_5.5.27-0ubuntu2_amd64.deb) ...
remote: Selecting previously unselected package libmysqlclient-dev.
remote: Unpacking libmysqlclient-dev (from .../libmysqlclient-dev_5.5.27-0ubuntu2_amd64.deb) ...
remote: Setting up mysql-common (5.5.27-0ubuntu2) ...
remote: Setting up libmysqlclient18:amd64 (5.5.27-0ubuntu2) ...
remote: Setting up libmysqlclient-dev (5.5.27-0ubuntu2) ...
remote: Processing triggers for libc-bin ...
remote: ldconfig deferred processing now taking place
remote: sudo: Downloading/unpacking Django==1.4.1 (from -r /home/application/current/requirements.txt (line 1))
remote:   Running setup.py egg_info for package Django
remote:
remote: Downloading/unpacking MySQL-python==1.2.3 (from -r /home/application/current/requirements.txt (line 2))
remote:   Running setup.py egg_info for package MySQL-python
remote:
remote:     warning: no files found matching 'MANIFEST'
remote:     warning: no files found matching 'ChangeLog'
remote:     warning: no files found matching 'GPL'
remote: Downloading/unpacking South==0.7.6 (from -r /home/application/current/requirements.txt (line 3))
remote:   Running setup.py egg_info for package South
remote:
remote: Installing collected packages: Django, MySQL-python, South
remote:   Running setup.py install for Django
remote:     changing mode of build/scripts-2.7/django-admin.py from 644 to 755
remote:
remote:     changing mode of /usr/local/bin/django-admin.py to 755
remote:   Running setup.py install for MySQL-python
remote:     building '_mysql' extension
remote:     gcc -pthread -fno-strict-aliasing -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fPIC -Dversion_info=(1,2,3,'final',0) -D__version__=1.2.3 -I/usr/include/mysql -I/usr/include/python2.7 -c _mysql.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/_mysql.o -DBIG_JOINS=1 -fno-strict-aliasing -g
remote:     In file included from _mysql.c:36:0:
remote:     /usr/include/mysql/my_config.h:422:0: warning: "HAVE_WCSCOLL" redefined [enabled by default]
remote:     In file included from /usr/include/python2.7/Python.h:8:0,
remote:                      from pymemcompat.h:10,
remote:                      from _mysql.c:29:
remote:     /usr/include/python2.7/pyconfig.h:890:0: note: this is the location of the previous definition
remote:     gcc -pthread -shared -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-z,relro build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/_mysql.o -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -lmysqlclient_r -lpthread -lz -lm -lrt -ldl -o build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/_mysql.so
remote:
remote:     warning: no files found matching 'MANIFEST'
remote:     warning: no files found matching 'ChangeLog'
remote:     warning: no files found matching 'GPL'
remote:   Running setup.py install for South
remote:
remote: Successfully installed Django MySQL-python South
remote: Cleaning up...
#####################################
#                OMIT               #
#####################################
To git@git.tsuru.io:blog.git
   a211fba..bbf5b53  master -> master

Running the application

As you can see, in the deploy output there is a step described as “Restarting your app”. In this step, tsuru will restart your app if it’s running, or start it if it’s not. But how does tsuru start an application? That’s very simple, it uses a Procfile (a concept stolen from Foreman). In this Procfile, you describe how your application should be started. We can use gunicorn, for example, to start our Django application. Here is how the Procfile should look like:

web: gunicorn -b 0.0.0.0:$PORT blog.wsgi

Now we commit the file and push the changes to tsuru git server, running another deploy:

$ git add Procfile
$ git commit -m "Procfile: added file"
$ git push tsuru master
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 326 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote:
remote:  ---> tsuru receiving push
remote:
remote:  ---> Installing dependencies
remote: Reading package lists...
remote: Building dependency tree...
remote: Reading state information...
remote: python-dev is already the newest version.
remote: libmysqlclient-dev is already the newest version.
remote: 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
remote: Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): Django==1.4.1 in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from -r /home/application/current/requirements.txt (line 1))
remote: Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): MySQL-python==1.2.3 in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from -r /home/application/current/requirements.txt (line 2))
remote: Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): South==0.7.6 in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from -r /home/application/current/requirements.txt (line 3))
remote: Cleaning up...
remote:
remote:  ---> Restarting your app
remote: /var/lib/tsuru/hooks/start: line 13: gunicorn: command not found
remote:
remote:  ---> Deploy done!
remote:
To git@git.tsuru.io:blog.git
   81e884e..530c528  master -> master

Now we get an error: gunicorn: command not found. It means that we need to add gunicorn to requirements.txt file:

$ cat >> requirements.txt
gunicorn==0.14.6
^D

Now we commit the changes and run another deploy:

$ git add requirements.txt
$ git commit -m "requirements.txt: added gunicorn"
$ git push tsuru master
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 325 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote:
remote:  ---> tsuru receiving push
remote:
[...]
remote:  ---> Restarting your app
remote:
remote:  ---> Deploy done!
remote:
To git@git.tsuru.io:blog.git
   530c528..542403a  master -> master

Now that the app is deployed, you can access it from your browser, getting the IP or host listed in app-list and opening it. For example, in the list below:

$ tsuru app-list
+-------------+-------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Application | Units State Summary     | Address             | Ready? |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| blog        | 1 of 1 units in-service | blog.cloud.tsuru.io | Yes    |
+-------------+-------------------------+---------------------+--------+

We can access the admin of the app in the URL http://blog.cloud.tsuru.io/admin/.

Using services

Now that gunicorn is running, we can accesss the application in the browser, but we get a Django error: “Can’t connect to local MySQL server through socket ‘/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock’ (2)”. This error means that we can’t connect to MySQL on localhost. That’s because we should not connect to MySQL on localhost, we must use a service. The service workflow can be resumed to two steps:

1. Create a service instance
2. Bind the service instance to the app

But how can I see what services are available? Easy! Use service-list command:

$ tsuru service-list
+----------------+-----------+
| Services       | Instances |
+----------------+-----------+
| elastic-search |           |
| mysql          |           |
+----------------+-----------+

The output from service-list above says that there are two available services: “elastic-search” and “mysql”, and no instances. To create our MySQL instance, we should run the service-add command:

$ tsuru service-add mysql blogsql
Service successfully added.

Now, if we run service-list again, we will see our new service instance in the list:

$ tsuru service-list
+----------------+-----------+
| Services       | Instances |
+----------------+-----------+
| elastic-search |           |
| mysql          | blogsql   |
+----------------+-----------+

To bind the service instance to the application, we use the bind command:

$ tsuru service-bind blogsql
Instance blogsql is now bound to the app blog.

The following environment variables are now available for use in your app:

- MYSQL_PORT
- MYSQL_PASSWORD
- MYSQL_USER
- MYSQL_HOST
- MYSQL_DATABASE_NAME

For more details, please check the documentation for the service, using service-doc command.

As you can see from bind output, we use environment variables to connect to the MySQL server. Next step is update settings.py to use these variables to connect in the database:

import os

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME': os.environ.get('MYSQL_DATABASE_NAME', 'blog'),
        'USER': os.environ.get('MYSQL_USER', 'root'),
        'PASSWORD': os.environ.get('MYSQL_PASSWORD', ''),
        'HOST': os.environ.get('MYSQL_HOST', ''),
        'PORT': os.environ.get('MYSQL_PORT', ''),
    }
}

Now let’s commit it and run another deploy:

$ git add blog/settings.py
$ git commit -m "settings: using environment variables to connect to MySQL"
$ git push tsuru master
Counting objects: 7, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Writing objects: 100% (4/4), 535 bytes, done.
Total 4 (delta 3), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote:
remote:  ---> tsuru receiving push
remote:
remote:  ---> Installing dependencies
#####################################
#               OMIT                #
#####################################
remote:
remote:  ---> Restarting your app
remote:
remote:  ---> Deploy done!
remote:
To git@git.tsuru.io:blog.git
   ab4e706..a780de9  master -> master

Now if we try to access the admin again, we will get another error: “Table ‘blogsql.django_session’ doesn’t exist”. Well, that means that we have access to the database, so bind worked, but we did not set up the database yet. We need to run syncdb and migrate (if we’re using South) in the remote server. We can use run command to execute commands in the machine, so for running syncdb we could write:

$ tsuru app-run -- python manage.py syncdb --noinput
Syncing...
Creating tables ...
Creating table auth_permission
Creating table auth_group_permissions
Creating table auth_group
Creating table auth_user_user_permissions
Creating table auth_user_groups
Creating table auth_user
Creating table django_content_type
Creating table django_session
Creating table django_site
Creating table django_admin_log
Creating table south_migrationhistory
Installing custom SQL ...
Installing indexes ...
Installed 0 object(s) from 0 fixture(s)

Synced:
 > django.contrib.auth
 > django.contrib.contenttypes
 > django.contrib.sessions
 > django.contrib.sites
 > django.contrib.messages
 > django.contrib.staticfiles
 > django.contrib.admin
 > south

Not synced (use migrations):
 - blog.posts
(use ./manage.py migrate to migrate these)

The same applies for migrate.

Deployment hooks

It would be boring to manually run syncdb and/or migrate after every deployment. So we can configure an automatic hook to always run before or after the app restarts.

tsuru parses a file called tsuru.yaml and runs restart hooks. As the extension suggests, this is a YAML file, that contains a list of commands that should run before and after the restart. Here is our example of tsuru.yaml:

hooks:
  build:
    - python manage.py syncdb --noinput
    - python manage.py migrate

For more details, check the hooks documentation.

tsuru will look for the file in the root of the project. Let’s commit and deploy it:

$ git add tsuru.yaml
$ git commit -m "tsuru.yaml: added file"
$ git push tsuru master
Counting objects: 4, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 338 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote:
remote:  ---> tsuru receiving push
remote:
remote:  ---> Installing dependencies
remote: Reading package lists...
remote: Building dependency tree...
remote: Reading state information...
remote: python-dev is already the newest version.
remote: libmysqlclient-dev is already the newest version.
remote: 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 15 not upgraded.
remote: Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): Django==1.4.1 in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from -r /home/application/current/requirements.txt (line 1))
remote: Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): MySQL-python==1.2.3 in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from -r /home/application/current/requirements.txt (line 2))
remote: Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): South==0.7.6 in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from -r /home/application/current/requirements.txt (line 3))
remote: Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): gunicorn==0.14.6 in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from -r /home/application/current/requirements.txt (line 4))
remote: Cleaning up...
remote:
remote:  ---> Restarting your app
remote:
remote:  ---> Running restart:after
remote:
remote:  ---> Deploy done!
remote:
To git@git.tsuru.io:blog.git
   a780de9..1b675b8  master -> master

It’s done! Now we have a Django project deployed on tsuru, using a MySQL service.

Going further

For more information, you can dig into tsuru docs, or read complete instructions of use for the tsuru command.